A firewall plays a vital role in network security and needs to be properly configured to keep organizations protected from data leakage and cyberattacks.
This is possible by configuring domain names and Internet Protocol (IP) addresses to keep the firewall secure. Firewall policy configuration is based on network type, such as public or private, and can be set up with security rules that block or allow access to prevent potential attacks from hackers or malware.
Proper?firewall configuration?is essential, as default features may not provide maximum protection against a cyberattack.
Improper firewall configuration can result in attackers gaining unauthorized access to protected internal networks and resources. As a result, cyber criminals are constantly on the lookout for networks that have outdated software or servers and are not protected.?Gartner?highlighted the size and magnitude of this issue, predicting that 99% of firewall breaches would be caused by misconfigurations in 2020.
The default settings on most firewalls and protocols like the File Transfer Protocol (FTP) do not provide the necessary level of protection to keep networks secure from cyberattacks. Organizations must ensure basic firewall configuration meets the unique needs of their networks.
Proper configuration is essential to supporting internal networks and?stateful packet inspection. Here is how to configure a firewall securely:
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Securing a firewall is the vital first step to ensure only authorized administrators have access to it. This includes actions such as:
It is important to identify network assets and resources that must be protected. This includes creating a structure that groups corporate assets into zones based on similar functions and the level of risk.
A good example of this is servers—such as email servers, virtual private network (VPN) servers, and web servers—placed in a dedicated zone that limits inbound internet traffic, often referred to as a?demilitarized zone (DMZ). A general rule is that the more zones created, the more secure the network is.?
However, having more zones also demands more time to manage them. With a network zone structure established, it is also important to establish a corresponding IP address structure that assigns zones to firewall interfaces and subinterfaces.
Access control lists (ACLs) enable organizations to determine which traffic is allowed to flow in and out of each zone. ACLs act as firewall rules, which organizations can apply to each firewall interface and subinterface.
ACLs must be made specific to the exact source and destination port numbers and IP addresses. Each ACL should have a “deny all” rule created at the end of it, which enables organizations to filter out unapproved traffic. Each interface and subinterface also needs an inbound and outbound ACL to ensure only approved traffic can reach each zone. It is also advisable to disable firewall administration interfaces from public access to protect the configuration and disable unencrypted firewall management protocols.
Some firewalls can be configured to support other services, such as a Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) server, intrusion prevention system (IPS), Network Time Protocol (NTP) server, and dynamic DNS (DDNS), which allows devices with changing IP addresses to be consistently reachable through domain names. It is important to also disable the extra services that will not be used.
Further, firewalls must be configured to report to a logging service to comply with and fulfill Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard (PCI DSS) requirements.
With the configurations made, it is critical to test them to ensure the correct traffic is being blocked and that the firewall performs as intended. The configuration can be tested through techniques like penetration testing and vulnerability scanning. Remember to back up the configuration in a secure location in case of any failures during the testing process.
Firewall management and monitoring are critical to ensuring that the firewall continues to function as intended. This includes monitoring logs, performing vulnerability scans, and regularly reviewing rules. It is also important to document processes and manage the configuration continually and diligently to ensure ongoing protection of the network.?
Configuring a firewall can present difficulties, which can commonly be prevented by avoiding common mistakes, such as:?
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The three main types are packet filtering, stateful inspection, and application-level gateways. Packet filtering examines individual packets, stateful inspection tracks connections, and application-level gateways analyze traffic content.
Firewall configuration varies, but generally involves accessing its interface, defining network zones (trusted, untrusted), creating rules for allowed/blocked traffic, and enabling security features like intrusion prevention.
Best practices include: regularly updating firmware, using strong passwords, implementing least privilege access, logging and monitoring activity, and periodically reviewing and auditing rules.
Firewall settings should be reviewed at least every quarter, or more frequently if your network undergoes significant changes. Always update firmware as soon as patches are released to address vulnerabilities.
Configure rules to allow only necessary inbound traffic, explicitly defining permitted ports and services. For outbound, block any unwanted applications or destinations while allowing legitimate traffic.
Start by reviewing recent changes to the firewall rules. Systematically disable rules to isolate the problem. If necessary, consult vendor documentation or seek expert assistance.
Build a human firewall through ongoing security awareness training, phishing simulations, and clear communication of security policies. Encourage a culture of vigilance and reporting.
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